Growth Mindset Essay

Asking Effective Questions Problem Solving Approach in mathematics classroom because it engages student in inquiry, prompting them to build on and improve their current knowledge as they â€Å"construct† explanations and help them solve tasks at hand. In a â€Å"Constructivist classroom† students are seen as the ones who are actively creating their own knowledge†. This is done through questioning to h I need respect, motivation, encouragement, determination, to have confidence in your students. 8 Tips for Effective Questioning 1. Anticipate Student Thinking (plan the possible questions to stimulate thinking and deepen student understanding 2. Link to Learning Goals 3. Pose open ended questions 0 help build students’ self-confidence, help them respond at their own stage of development and allow for differentiation Invitational stems that use plural forms and exploratory language invite reflection. Huinker and Freckman (2004, p. 256) suggest the following examples: As you think about†¦ Given what you know about†¦ In regard to the decisions you made†¦ From previous work with students†¦ When you think about..As you consider†¦ In what ways†¦ In your planning†¦ Take a minute. 4. Pose Questions that actually need to be answered 5. Incorporate verbs that elicit higher levels of Bloom’s Taxonomy Verbs such as connect, elaborate, evaluate and justify prompt students to communi- cate their thinking and understanding, to deepen their understanding and to extend their learning. Huinker and Freckman (2004, p. 256) provide a list of verbs that elicit specific cognitive processes to engage thinking: observe notice remember contrast interpret evaluate summarize visualize (â€Å"see†) differ distinguish decide identify compare predict explain conclude infer relate consider describe 6. Pose Questions that Open up conversations to include others. 7. Keep Questions Neutral 8. Provide Wait Time (use strategies such as turn and talk, think-pair-share and round robin to give students time to articulate and clarify their thinking Ms Hastings does use different Instructional Strategies. She builds strong relationships with her students, set high expectations for performance and has a good understanding of their needs to reach success in her classroom. Ms Hastings first has a strong belief in the â€Å"Growth Mindset† by setting high expectations and showing student they can learn as opposed to the belief of â€Å"either you are good at math or not†. Teacher shows students how they can succeed and achieve through â€Å"application and experience†. Their words and actions make it clear that the past does not dictate the future. If a teacher promotes the â€Å"growth mind-set†, they can focus students on â€Å"self-development, self-motivation and responsibility† and help them develop the mental determination to continue to improve. She clearly sets objectives and provides feedback to her students to help them progress. By reinforcing effort and providing recognition, students believe they can succeed. These strategies all provide students with the belief that they can positively affect their learning She also uses various strategies to promote thinking and learning in the classroom. She uses cooperative learning, uses effective questioning and graphic organizers. She uses team building exercises and forms a base group, in which they learn and work together for the semester. In reading the Capacity Building Monograph in â€Å"Asking Effective Questions in Mathematics† in showed how you can change Learning to becoming something you get for a short time to permananence and building a deeper understanding. In Ms. Hastings class, the 8 tips provided in this monograph are great strategies being used in Ms. Hastings class. One of the most important influences in student achievement is the relationship between teacher and students (Hattlie, 2009). By Ms. Hastings telling success stories this provides encouragement to her students. Ms. Hastings class is preparing her students with the skills of the â€Å"21st Century Learner†. She is doing this by helping her students set personal learning goals, self-assessment for understanding, therefore, making learning permanent, accessing tools and resources for enhancing their understanding and using their learning in rich meaningful tasks in real-world contexts. These students will learn problem-solving, critical thinking and using their prior knowledge and skills to apply them to new situations. Two challenges faced by adolescents is the belief they are not good at math, therefore, find it challenging and are less engaged in math class. The second challenge is to make math learning become permanent through student engagement. This means using Instructional Strategies to ensure students are engaged in their own learning and self-assessment. One of the challenges faced by adolescents is the belief they are â€Å"not good at math†. This may be imparted by their parents belief they were not good at mathematics and do not ask more from their children. There needs to be a shift from this belief from all adults involved. They must recognize and affirm the importance of mathematical literacy for all. In the Ministry’s Numeracy Report (2004), students need the â€Å"ability to deal with the  fundamental notions of number and change in order to make sense of mathematical information presented in everyday contexts† (Paulos, 1988, pg.). Mathematical literacy in important for both employment and post-secondary admissions. Therefore, as teachers, we need to take advantage of the abundant opportunities for fostering mathematical literacy across the curriculum. As with Ms. Hastings, has a strong belief in the â€Å"Growth Mindset† by setting high expectations and showing student they can learn as opposed to the belief of â€Å"either you are good at math or not†. Teacher shows students how they can succeed and achieve through â€Å"application and experience†. Their words and actions make it clear that the past does not dictate the future. If a teacher promotes the â€Å"growth mind-set†, they can focus students on â€Å"self-development, self-motivation and responsibility† and help them develop the mental determination to continue to improve. She clearly sets objectives and provides feedback to her students to help them progress. By reinforcing effort and providing recognition, students believe they can succeed. These strategies all provide students with the belief that they can positively affect their learning She also uses various strategies to promote thinking and learning in the classroom. She uses cooperative learning, uses effective questioning and graphic organizers. She uses teambuilding exercises and forms a base group, in which they learn and work together for the semester. The second challenge faced by adolescent if to ensure their learning has â€Å"permanence†. This is done through strong conceptual foundations in math and ample opportunities for students to demonstrate their knowledge. I also believe that as teachers we need to use effective instructional strategies to emphasize student ability to think, use problem-solving skills and build on prior knowledge. Ms. Hastings uses various strategies to promote thinking and learning in the classroom. She uses cooperative learning, uses effective questioning and graphic organizers. She uses team building exercises and forms a base group, in which they learn and work together for the semester. In reading the Capacity Building Monograph in â€Å"Asking Effective Questions in Mathematics† in showed how you can change Learning to becoming something you get for a short time to permanence and building a deeper understanding. In Ms. Hastings class, the 8 tips provided in this monograph are great strategies being used in Ms. Hastings class. One of the most important influences in student achievement is the relationship between teacher and students (Hattlie, 2009). By Ms. Hastings telling success stories this provides encouragement to her students. Ms. Hastings class is preparing her students with the skills of the â€Å"21st Century Learner†. She is doing this by helping her students set personal learning goals, self-assessment for understanding, therefore, making learning permanent, accessing tools and resources for enhancing their understanding and using their learning in rich meaningful tasks in real-world contexts. These students will learn problem-solving, critical thinking and using their prior knowledge and skills to apply them to new situations. To be able to prepare our students as 21st Century Learners, we need to increase our math competence through professional learning to be more effective. The Expert Panels Report on Student Success in Ontario Mathematical Literacy, Grades 7-12 (May 2004) looked at at-risk mathematical learners and came up with a number of themes: Effective teaching and learning begins with the needs to the adolescent learners and have a good understanding of their development stages Connect the learning in math to the lives of the students (having rich meaningful tasks that connect to real-life contexts) Ensuring they have a strong conceptual foundations to be able to apply their knowledge and continue their learning Instructional learning strategies empahisize problem solving and building and one’s own understandings To improve students’ performance, teachers need to link instruction more closely to assessment More professional learning opportunities for teachers to strengthen their competence in math Technology to support learning and have more accessibility to students who are struggling in math Also extra support for  Ã¢â‚¬Å"at risk† students to close the gap Strong leadership and strong planning to create an effective learning environment in which all the needs of the students are met and success is promoted. 2. Changing Climate – Transforming Classroom Culture Dan Myer Inquiry Based Learning Being interest in students thinking How my teachers see them in a sincere way and shed the idea of controlling the process Bring the student who are not strong in the foundations Gains in achievement – multimedia helped students who are identified at risk or LD Teach as we are taught, memorization, calculations, learning formulas, doing math and debrief M.J. Hobbs Senior P.S. –DI 7-8 Differentiated Instruction and problem solving by group readiness Individual Accountability in group work Create a positive work environment Group work looks like, sounds like anchor charts with clear understanding of expectations Participate in work that is engaging and challenging Centennial S.S. HPEDSB Differentiating Instruction Secondary Think-Pair-Share Mathematical Questions Justify using mathematical vocabulary Learning Centres give students choice, work collaboratively and related to hands on materials and manipulatives’ based on their strengths (observe the kids first to see how they are learning Use the entry point depending on their strengths and how they learn to work towards the curriculum expectations Use of different strategies and connect using different means to demonstrate their learning Data given for Problem Solving Exit cards to demonstrate learning in a differentiated environment to take responsibility on teaching the students how they learn DI planning for kids based on grouping on kids strengths and needs.

Adult Development

The results of the interview with my three participants of varying levels of adulthood have indeed demonstrated that their changes are linked to normative age-graded influences (Bjorklund & Bee, 2006). With respect to cognitive changes, Mrs. Sarai Knowles, a 47 year-old mother of three, has within the past three or four years noticed an increase in the amount of time it takes for her to remember the names of everyday objects.She admitted that this phenomenon was preceded by increased difficulty remembering less concrete words, such as adjectives she may have used to help her articulate when having conversations. The onset of memory changes during middle adulthood was corroborated by the other two participants. Though older, Mr. Sean Blankett (72) and Mrs. Evelyn Richardson (88) do recall having such minor, yet progressive memory lapses at approximately 45 years of age.All three participants say that the change has frustrated them during conversation and two of them (Blankett and Rich ardson) say they have had to develop strategies for giving themselves time to think of words during conversations. Mrs. Knowles indicates that she is not sure whether the condition really is one that should be considered a problem. She considers herself to be doing as well as other adults her age. Here she makes reference to her functional age (2006).What activities do you know of that might help you maintain your cognitive abilities over time?To maintain memory health, two of the three participants referred to cardiovascular and neural fitness (Bjorklund & Bee, 2006, p. 126). Mrs. Richardson and Mr. Blankett have mentioned trying to eat more rich colored vegetables.They both also attempt to perform exercises, which they feel have the power to increase blood flow to their tissues (physical activity), including their brains and thereby keep them more alert (2006, p. 126). Mrs. Richardson also regularly does puzzles (Sudoku) in an attempt to keep her mind alert, and Mr. Richardson rea ds a lot.These are examples of intellectual activity (2006, p. 125). Mrs. Knowles admits she is too busy to do anything to improve her memory. She has an idea of the existence of particular vegetables that do improve memory, but she is not sure specifically which ones they are and has not had the time to find out.How did/do these roles (marriage, parenting, and grandparenting) affect their satisfaction in life?When asked about the roles they have filled and the effect that these have had on their lives, Mrs. Knowles and Mrs. Richardson found the role of parenting to be very fulfilling. They enjoyed taking care of their children and even the challenges that attended the years of child rearing. In comparison with grand-parenting, Mrs. Richardson found parenting to be easier but gained a similar amount of satisfaction from grand-parenting.She considered grand-parenting to have the added satisfaction of watching her own children fulfilling the responsibility and gaining the pleasure of being parents. Mrs. Knowles admitted she had limited knowledge of the grand-parenting stage, considering it to be as distant as retiring.On the other hand, Mr. Blankett cited the milestone of marriage as the one that really changed his life because it ushered him into the role of being the provider—first for his wife and then for the family they reared.Mrs. Richardson mentioned the idea of bereavement as being a part of marriage, as one spouse must die before the other. She admitted to feeling death anxiety before her husband died. He was chronically ill for thirteen years.Because of this, she was able to speak of the several ways in which the process death was a loss for her husband (Bjorklund & Bee, 2006, p. 325). He lost functionality gradually, and in a way she said this was like him losing his body before he died. He did lose his relationships too because he became unable to spend time with his friends in the way he used to before his illness.He was also unable to visit his children and grandchildren in the way he would have if he had been healthy. In a way, for Mrs. Richardson’s husband, his final death was only the end stage of a long process of death.All three participants speak of their impending death with some measure of apprehension, but for Mrs. Richardson it appears to be less scary as she indicates she is ready to go and be where her husband is. She apparently believes in an afterlife (2006, p. 325).She will, however, miss her children and grandchildren. Mrs. Knowles does not want to think of death as she still has children who are not yet fully grown (teenagers) and her husband needs her.[For the purposes of confidentiality, fictional names have been used.] ReferenceBjorklund, B. R. & H. L. Bee. (2006). The Journey of Adulthood. 6th Ed. Upper Saddle River: Â   Prentice Hall.

The Back injuries prevention and safe lifting practises in JIMS Essay

The Back injuries prevention and safe lifting practises in JIMS CLEANING - Essay Example Accidental back injuries are to blame for thousands of hours of lost productivity in places of work and millions of dollars in lost returns. If you add health related costs, that including employee reimbursement claims and medical care that includes a range from simple first aid to key surgeries, and the expenditures incurred by the World’s business and industries makes them slug behind. Such kind of accidents have seen an increased number of people have their productive years and potency cut short as a result of back injuries and poor lifting practises. Introduction and Scope statement. In this final report, I aim to make available an intensive summary of my knowledge in managing the general operations of JIM’S CLEANING. This final report focuses on highlighting the key issues that have come up during the whole project period, as well as during the assessment of the developed solutions and implemented in response to such issues. Work-related injuries take place every day in workplaces. These injuries frequently arise because new employees are not properly inducted and trained in the appropriate work dynamics. One way to put a stop to workplace injuries is to set up appropriate work measures and train all staff in safe and professional job methods. Initiating appropriate work safety measures is one of the benefits of this project as it tries to initiate and discover on hand or probable job hazards and coming up with the best way to achieve the work and to decrease or eradicate these hazards. Better work methods decreases expenses ensuing from worker non-attendance and workers’ reimbursement leading to improved output. ... Work-related injuries take place every day in workplaces. These injuries frequently arise because new employees are not properly inducted and trained in the appropriate work dynamics. One way to put a stop to workplace injuries is to set up appropriate work measures and train all staff in safe and professional job methods. Initiating appropriate work safety measures is one of the benefits of this project as it tries to initiate and discover on hand or probable job hazards and coming up with the best way to achieve the work and to decrease or eradicate these hazards. Better work methods decreases expenses ensuing from worker non-attendance and workers’ reimbursement leading to improved output. It is imperative to put into consideration that the work measures illustrated in this project report are relatively biased and tend to lean towards the dynamics of JIM’S CLEANING and do not inevitably take account of all hazards, or protections for related jobs in the industry at l arge. PROJECT OVERVIEW/PLANNING. The back injury prevention and health safety project by JIM’S CLEANING is dedicated to provide its employees with the safest workplace conditions, taking into deliberation the state legislative necessities, as per the current Australian Standards in industry best practice. Safety, therefore, is regarded as the core value of JIM’S CLEANING. The company has conceptualized the project’s dream by developing firm guiding principles on safety, as shown in its health and safety policy that aims to protect not just the lives of the client, but more importantly of the employees. The company believes that the recognition of this project

Health Care analysis on policy number SB 1352 Essay

Health Care analysis on policy number SB 1352 - Essay Example escription program that influences how health practitioners administer drugs to their patients and excludes prescription of substances recommended by advanced registered nurses. Thus, the paper analyses the policy by looking at the legislative findings and declarations as well as those regulations that may affect the implementation of the bill. Finally, the analysis makes a detailed recommendation on how effective the policy should be implemented so as to improve the nursing profession. The bill first makes changes to some terminologies in the nursing profession, for example, changing the name from simply psychiatric nurse to psychiatric-mental health advanced practice registered nurse and such nurses must hold specified national certification (Grimsley, 2014). This gives the nurses power to authorise the release or examination of an individual patient. Besides, the amendment also prohibits nurses from denying the patients access to the substances they were abusing before especially if their medications have been prescribed by advanced and registered nurses. Therefore, the bill allows patients to continue receiving their portions of substance abuse materials if advanced nurses have approved them to do so. Under such circumstances, normal hospital nurses cannot deny patients access to the substances they were abusing though the provision of such substances must be according to the instructions of the advanced nurses. Amendments in section 456.013 and 456.031 make a change in nursing training and education by stipulating the timeframe for completing such training (Grimsley, 2014). Other amendments concerns relate to continuous HIV and AIDS education where medical practitioners will receive specified licensees. Proposed amendments on section 456.072 state the penalties that apply if there is a violation on prescriptions of the substances as per the advanced registered nurse instructions (Grimsley, 2014). Besides, it also requires the advanced nurses to designate

Personal development plan Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Personal development plan - Coursework Example ked at (Huta Hegerfeld Environmental Works ltd) in the administration and human resources office as an administrator responsible for the company relationship and employment registration including visa requirements for non- Saudi employments. And recorded at the General Organization for Social Insurance and the Labour Office of Kingdom of Saudi Arabia between (01-04-2005 to 31-12-2009). I worked as a volunteer at the Ministry of Islamic Affairs, Endowments Dawas and Guidance related to the seaport for 4 Seasons of Hajj where I worked as a data entry clerk and did classification of the ships coming from abroad and pilgrims who came to perform the Hajj (2004-2008). Over the years, working with others in doing assignments, I have gained the ability to realize that team work leads to better results than individual work as long as all minds are set towards a common goal. My interest is in Law and politics. I admire the political scene of the western culture and I would like to integrate that with my traditional and religious belief to aid my country in progressing ahead, economically and politically. I want to start my own Law firm and be able to help the innocent from false imprisonment. This will also enable me to prove my worth and to develop both in terms of business and also in mentoring other young Lawyers who do not have the proper platform to practice Law. I would also like to work on my charisma, confidence, and assertiveness. This is especially important since to be able to lead, one must not only possess management skills but leadership skills as well. Socially, my perfectionist attributes affect my relationship with others and therefore I intend on developing into an easy going person. However, I cannot totally change my admiration for neat and smart work, I can only be more admissive to the fact that human is to error, and that not everyone is perfect. After all, some errors can be corrected or at the least minimized. I am planning on furthering my

Italian luxuries Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Italian luxuries - Research Paper Example Italy has produced famous artists, painters, actors of all time including Leonardo Da Vinci, Amy Adams, and Rose McGowan etc. As far as the fashion is concerned Italy is jam packed with fashion and luxurious houses like Giorgio Armani, Laura Biagiotti, Bottega Veneta, Brioni, Roberto Cavalli, Corneliani, Brunello Cucinelli, Dolce & Gabbana, Dsquared2, Etro, Fendi, Salvatore Ferragamo, Alberta Ferretti, Gucci, Krizia, Loro Piana, Marni, Max Mara, Missoni, Miu Miu, Moschino, Prada, Emilio Pucci, Trussardi, Valentino, Versace, Tods and the list goes on. Italy was into fashion right from the beginning of Renaissance period. Italian fashion is appreciated all across the globe and its fashion shows including Milan Fashion Week is regarded as one of the biggest show in which variety of designers take part to present their fashion skills. Italy, also known as Italian Republic, is situated in the southern Europe so its most of the fashion styles are similar to the other high class fashionable countries of Europe including Germany, France, United Kingdom and Spain. Moreover Milan, Florence and Rome are generally considered to be one of the biggest fashion capitals of the world along with London, Paris and New York. Italian luxuries are not only famous only in Europe but also whole across the globe. One who’s not familiar with Bottega Veneta simple has no right to live according to most of the high class fashion designers of Vicenza. It was founded in 1966 and now comes under the multinational group Kering, formerly known as Gucci Group. It is famous for producing high quality leather goods including fashionable and stylish leather bags, clutches, bracelets, watches and wallets. Bottega Veneta also serve its customers with exquisite fragrances, furniture and home accessories. Versace is one of the leading brands in Italy. It was founded in 1978 by Gianni Versace. Versace serves wide range of ready-to-wear products including bags,

Customer Relationship Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words - 1

Customer Relationship Management - Essay Example This research will begin with the importance of customer-centeredness. Businesses need to remember that nowadays, customers are more intelligent, well-informed and therefore more demanding than they ever were before. The Internet gives customers access to more information, and this allows them to educate themselves about products.   Therefore, they are intensely aware of what they have come to expect. In order to make sure that businesses of today can be successful, the business needs to make sure it is â€Å"customer-centered.† This implies a movement away from the former business focus of â€Å"process centered.†Ã‚   This shift means that businesses need to reorganize their focus by implanting a strategy geared toward success factors of the process, technology, people, and environment.   Management process will need to be examined and reviewed in order to make sure that wonderful and effective customer service is being provided. Businesses can gain an edge nowaday s if they are able to form management that focuses on good customer relationship skills.   This is often referred to as customer relationship management or CRM. The notion with CRM is to make sure the focus of the organization is the customer. Therefore, in order to make the company more customer-centered, it is important to ensure that all employees in the business contribute to the customer in the end.   Businesses that have been able to use this concept with success bring together the processes of people and technology.  

Venezuela - Hugo Chvez Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Venezuela - Hugo Chvez - Essay Example After becoming president, Chavez embarked on social reforms. These included seeking for 20,000 trained personnel from Cuba who comprised of educators and medics in exchange for oil. Unfortunately, even with social and economic benefits, on April, 2002, a few military officers organized a coup to overthrow Chavez and later succeeded. The new leader was later opposed by the masses that brought Chavez back to power. This forced him to moderate some of his radical decisions of dismissing the board of directors in oil. The illness of Chavez becomes a major issue for a long time. This prompted him to announce to his country of the need to undergo operation to remove cancerous cells in his system. However, the efforts and those of his team did not help matters. Two years later, on March, 2013, the vice-president announcing the death of Hugo Chavez. Chavez is widely remembered as a socialist and radical president who put Venezuela on the international map in terms of progressive economy. This resulted to differences with the US that labeled a place for terrorists especially in its War on Terror. Hugo Chavez is a leftist Marxist who became president in 1999 with sweeping popularity. In collaboration with Latin American leaders such as Cuban Revolutionary Fidel Castro and Lula da Silva of Brazil, Chavez performed his pledges and promises of using Venezuela’s oil to achieve beneficial economic guidelines. Chavez arose from a poverty-stricken family, Catholic, but moderately happy where he improved his hobbies that included writing, drawing, and playing baseball. He also adopted strong political ideas. The presidency of Chavez championed the banning of the neoliberal economic policies that had resulted to bad inflation. As a result, the economy dropped significantly and the urgency for a regime change increased. Chavez became president

Consensual Relationship Agreements Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Consensual Relationship Agreements - Case Study Example This discussion stresses that there might be emails, instant messages, phone chats etc. while two people are in a workplace relationship. These things will affect the performance of the employees. Still, these might be controlled if the boss makes it clear that these things will not be appreciated in workplace but then again, there might be rebellious behavior from them. The worst nightmare, however, can be when these people breakup and end their relationship on a bad note. This might affect their performance to great extremes. For example, if one is superior in rank than the other he/she might become biased, judgmental and the other might be discriminated against. Bad words might be exchanged and gossips about them might start which will eventually affect their work. There is also a chance that sometimes on e party might claim that he/she was pressured to be in the relationship. This can bring extreme results which will immediately affect company’s rapport and performance. From this paper it is clear that in such circumstances, the company cannot just tell the employees that there will be no workplace relationships as this will cause rebellion which might bring aggressive responses and attitudes from employees which is even worse. Moreover, more people will do it just to show their adventurous and thrilling side. Also, this can cause frustration among employees. In order to avoid all of the above, an approach might be taken which is called Consensual Relationship Agreements (CRA) which is a written contract signed by two people who are involved in a romantic relationship in an organization. In such a contract, both the parties agree to certain things that mainly cover that both of them are involved in the relationship willingly, with their full consent and are not under any pressure.

The opening business in Saudi Arabia Research Paper

The opening business in Saudi Arabia - Research Paper Example Before opening the business in Saudi Arabia, it is important to keep in mind that it is a conservative country and its ethics and culture are no way similar to a western country like America. In Saudi Arabia, business activities are conducted at a slower pace compared to the US and so meetings initiate slowly. My advice to my client is to keep patience during business meetings as Arabians prefer to start meetings with informal conversations like topics about family and hobbies. My American client may find the meetings disordered as it is a common scenario that Arabians do not refrain from attending phone calls or allowing other people to interrupt. Americans make it a point to switch off their phones and pay total attention to whoever is speaking. In Saudi Arabia, my client will need to take the effort to bring the meeting back on track after any disruptions. While doing business with the Arabians time is not a factor since they prefer to do business at the leisurely pace. They engag e in courtesies which are lengthy, and pleasantries are exchanged both in the beginning and even during the course of the meeting. My client should be careful to avoid asking about the other person’s female relatives. Business conversations do not start before coffee is served and they frequently fall silent which indicates not rudeness but that they are contemplating. Contrary to the Americans who are task-oriented and therefore more particular about time, the Arabian culture is more relation-driven and so they focus on timing.

Hannibal and the Carthaginian Empire Essay Example for Free

Hannibal and the Carthaginian Empire Essay Hannibal was great and famous Carthaginian general. He is remembered for his great strategic skills on the battle field and as a great military chief. Born in late 247 BC, was the oldest son of Hamilcar Barca. In 237 BC, Hamilcar took his nine year old son, Hannibal, to the altar of a Carthaginian god and made him pledge eternal hatred to the Romans. Then Hannibal and his father left for Spain. The headquarters of Carthaginian power in Spain was the city of New Carthage. Hannibal saw immediately his fathers techniques for war . When Hamilcar perished in the battle of 230 BC, his son-in-law, Hasdrubal, became the military leader plus the political leader and continued Carthages pressure in Spain. In 226 BC Hasdrubal signed an agreement with the Romans. The agreement stated that neither army could cross the Ebro River in the northern Spain . When Hasdrubal was murdered in 221 BC, the Carthaginians collectively elected twenty-six-year-old Hannibal to be the leader in Carthaginian government and commandant of the army in Spain. After Hamilcar’s death Hannibal became an excellent military leader. â€Å"Under [Hannibal’s] control the Carthaginians made large territorial advances†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (I-cias). He learned quickly how to be a leader and with the support of his brothers he was able to succeed through his battles. Hannibal was crossing the Alps and was able to receive rations for a couple days. â€Å"On the third day he captured a Gallic town and provided the army from its stores with rations for two or three days† (Alps). He wanted the best for his army, but had little support from Carthage. Despite the number of men falling from the army due to natural disasters he managed to recruit others. â€Å"Even if many fell from his army during this march because of snowstorms, landslides, and attacks from hostile local tribes, he managed to recruit new personnel along the route. † His strategy was to respond quickly to these natural disasters and it helped him. Hannibal earned his success by enduring hardships with his recruits and reinforcements. Hannibal experienced many challenges including battle delays little amount of military equipment and a small number of reinforcements from home. Other military leaders knew he would not be able to handle a delay due to the lack of preparation he took for each battle. â€Å"He [Fabius, Roman Military Leader] believed that Hannibal lacked the equipment for a prolonged siege and that a delay in the battle would seriously reduce the Carthaginian food supply†. Rome believed that delays would end in the conquering of Hannibal because of the lack of necessities there was little he could do. Hannibal began to suffer during his career due to the lack of food. â€Å"Zama was the only defeat. Hannibal suffered in his military career† . After his defeat his enemies began to discover his weakness. Hannibal was running out of everything during the Battle of Cannae and his help refused to aid him. â€Å"Hannibal needed reinforcements, which the Carthaginian government refused to furnish, and he also lacked siege weapons† . Hannibal’s restrictions could have given him success, had he been willing to bargain with another force greater then his own. Hannibal was the instrument of his own undoing. Hannibal was set on being the conqueror and set on some one else’s defeat, which lead him to his own. His enemy, Rome, was the center of his downfall. He would never settle and there was no satisfaction between them. â€Å"†¦In 218, he clashed with the Roman army. The Romans claimed that this was a break of an existing treaty between Rome and Carthage and demanded Hannibal surrendered to them†¦the Second Punic War started† (I-cias). If Hannibal conquered Romans he would never be able to rule over. â€Å"According to legend, Hamilcar had made the young Hannibal swear on a sacred altar that he would remain an enemy of Rome for life† . Hannibal had made a promise to his father, therefore intending to go on with nothing. â€Å"The loss of the second city of Italy cost Hannibal the allegiance of many of his Italian allies and put an end to his hopes of further replenishing his army from their ranks† . Hannibal had lost it all. His hope had been limited at this point. Hannibal both succeeded and failed. He never won the hearts of the people; therefore he was never able to truly be victorious. Hannibal married a Spanish princess and conquered the surrounding land and took hostages from the adjacent tribes to assure their loyalty to him without crossing the Ebro River, except for the city of Saguntum, an ally of Rome. When Saguntum began trouble between Carthage and Rome in 219 BC, Hannibal invaded the city. This began the Second Punic War . After hearing the declaration of war Hannibal immediately starts off towards Rome. The problem was he had to go by land since Rome controlled the seas. Hannibal began a long and hazardous expedition across the Pyrenees and the Alps in August of 218, with battle elephants walking at the front of his army . In the spring of 218 BC, Hannibal handed over command of the Spanish armies to his brother Hasdrubal. He then led his troops north toward the Pyrenees Mountains and began one of the most famous journeys in history . Hannibals army included Libyans and Numidians from North Africa, Iberians and Celtiberians from Spain, and Gauls from Spain, France, and Italy. There were thirty-five thousand foot soldiers, twelve thousand horsemen, and fifty war elephants. Hannibal used the elephants to break infantry lines and to create fear and disorder. The elephants also frightened horses, so they were able to disrupt the enemys cavalry . In the Pyrenees, Hannibal encountered resistance from local tribes. He lost a lot of his men to fighting, and some of the mercenaries went home because they were scared of the long journey. With all this, Hannibal continued to move as quickly as possible, but bad luck fell into Hannibals lap as early snows and landslides kill many of his men and almost all of his war elephants . He enters Italy with only twenty-six thousand men and five or six war elephants in September 218. Hannibal and his troops spent the winter in Po Valley. In the spring of 217 BC When news of Hannibals army reached Rome, the Gauls of northern Italy revolted. They joined Hannibal in fighting the Romans. Now Hannibal had a sufficient army of infantry and cavalry. The Romans had plans to attack Carthage and New Carthage, but they had to be delayed because of the rebelling tribes in Italy and the approach of Hannibal. So the Romans sent troops under the command of Publius Cornelius Scipio, to stop Hannibal at Massilia . Massilia is on the French coast where the Rhone River runs into the Mediterranean Sea. The Rhone is a wide river with a swift current, so it was a great obstacle to Hannibal. Scipios troops set up camp by the sea, thinking that Hannibal would reach Massilia in the near future. But he did not realize how fast Hannibal was moving his troops . When Scipio received news of Hannibal, it was too late. Hannibal had moved his entire army across the Rhone, fifty miles north of Massilia . Although Hannibals army had been reduced to twenty-six thousand infantry, nine thousand horses, and five or six elephants, it was a great accomplishment to get across the Rhone. To transport the elephants, the men built rafts . When the Alps came into view, Hannibal allowed his army a few days to rest, because he knew that his army had doubts about crossing the Alps. Never before had elephants crossed the Alps. The army did not reach the Alps until late in the year, and many troops and horses were killed. Some troops who came from warmer climates died from the cold. Some troops died of hunger because food was short to come by. Others died in fights with mountain tribes. Some of the mountain tribes rolled big stones down the mountains and caused men and animals to fall from the narrow mountain passage .

Qing China and the consequences of the golden age Essay Example for Free

Qing China and the consequences of the golden age Essay Introduction The â€Å"Prosperous Age† was a period where Qing China experienced a drastic increase in population, flourishing trade and commerce, and a remarkable level of social and political stability during the reign of Emperor Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong. However, its brilliance was overshadowed by its subsequent consequences and China was soon at its breaking point in the 19th century. This essay would then evaluate on the implications of the â€Å"Prosperous Age† and how the long-term consequences proved to be more negative in the 19th century due to a string of crisis, and subsequent problems that continued even in modern China of the 20th century. Negative Unanticipated Long Term Consequences Reversal of Trade Fortunes with Britain During the 18th century, there was mounting European demand for Chinese goods (Hung, 2011). Britain in particular, had strong liking and demand for Chinese goods especially tea. Hence, it led to the outflow of British silver into China, but little inflow of silver back into the British economy resulted in China enjoying a trade surplus (City University HK, 2007) while Britain suffered from a trade deficit. To redress this deficit, Britain began to smuggle and sell opium in China (City University HK, 2007). China’s attempt to prohibit opium then resulted in the Opium Wars and suffered a tragic defeat. The defeat in the Opium War led to the signings of unequal treaties . Upon signing of the unequal treaties, much Chinese marked it as the beginning of a century of shame and humiliation. Although China was never formally colonized, the lack of ability to defend its basic sovereign rights and ability to govern its own country made it look like a like semi-colonized state of Britain. Consequently, the Qing government was seen as weak and inefficient to combat against the foreigners and much Chinese lost faith in the Manchurian Qing government. As a result, this gave rise to the Boxer Rebellion (1899-1901) where violent revolts and attacks were targeted against foreigners as a sign to resist their influence. Boxers,  supported by China, suffered a yet another defeat and were forced to sign yet another unequal treaty: Boxer Protocol, where the reparations drastically crippled the Chinese economy till the mid 20th century (Zheng, 2009). Thus, we can see that the initial trade surplus, a sign of â€Å"Prosperous Age† resulted in British to redress the situation by selling opium to the Chinese led to the Opium Wars and the unequal treaties which greatly weakened Qing China internally and externally in the 19th century. China’s failure to counter foreign influence led to their continued defeat in the Boxer Rebellion at the end of 19th century, where another unequal treaty continued to cripple her till mid 20th century , thereby demonstrating the long term consequence of the â€Å"Prosperous Age† was indeed negative in the long run, especially since the consequences did not confine just to the 19th century but even stretched to the 20th century. Reforms did not keep up with population boom During the â€Å"Prosperous Age†, China’s population tripled from less than 150 million to over 400 million (Perkins, 1969). Civil Service Exam however continued its strict quota for passing (Bentley Ziegler, 2003) and that meant a lower ratio of scholar to population passes. The frustration of students led to the rise of influential leaders like Hong Xiuquan who sought for reforms which led to the Taiping Rebellion . Coincidentally, the backbone of his rebels were the poor peasants who were forced out of arable lands and were socially upset and frustrated, which was also due to the consequence of the population boom. The consequence of the Taiping Rebellion led to a weakened Qing as they were forced to decentralize power to provincial elites to deal with the crisis and this power was never fully recovered even after the rebellion was suppressed (Sng, 2011). Provincial elites who did not return the power were a growing sign of defiance and could have the possibility of rising up against the imperial court. The unneeded civil unrest caused by Taiping Rebellion also served to exacerbate subsequent crisis like the Northern Chinese Famine (1876-1879) where the government was severely blamed for not providing sufficient aid. The excess unrest and loss of power proved to be detrimental in the 19th century as it  crippled China and the country with no official political bloc stepping up to assist with the problems and crisis. In short, China was in a total disarray and chaotic. Lack of technological advancement Qing China favoured political and social stability over technological innovation which they feared would lead to unsettling changes. Furthermore, the vast population available to firms was a cheaper alternative to increase output, rather than investment of new technologies which was costly (Bentley Ziegler, 2003). This proved to be adverse in the 19th century when China engaged in wars. In the Opium Wars, the Qing military was no match against the British who utilized better technology to triumph (Tanner, 2010). The first defeat resulted in Treaty of Nanjing which ceded Hong Kong to Britain. Subsequent wars like the First Sino-Japanese War (1894-1985) had China suffering a crushing defeat against a more superior and modernized Japanese army. China then ceded Taiwan, Penghu and the Liaodong peninsular to the Japanese. It clearly implied that China could not defend its own sovereign ground and indicated how backward the Chinese army. It questions the right of China to even claim rights over those territories if she could not even defend it properly. The problem gets exemplified into the 20th century when China continued to suffer several defeats to the Japanese in the Second Sino-Japanese War . Even with the Self-Strengthening Movement (1861-1895) which was embraced to modernize China was insufficient. The subsequent defeats to Allied forces in the Boxer Rebellion and Japanese in the Sino-Japanese Wars marred the success of the movement. Especially significant was the defeat in First Sino-Japanese war as for the first time in over 2000 years of history, regional dominance in East Asia shifted from China to Japan (Johnson, 2010). Coupled with the defeat, China’s international and regional standings were challenged and staged subsequent revolutions that led to other problems and the eventual demise of Qing. Positive Long Term Unanticipated Consequences Building a new foundation based on common people The end of Taiping Rebellion inspired nationalists (Del Testa Lemoine Strickland, 2001) to fight for the betterment of Chinese. It was because of the consequence of the â€Å"Prosperous Age† that led to the decisive rise of nationalist to seek for reforms. An example would be the decentralizing of power, which meant many parties would be involved in decision-making process, rather than just the monarch government. This would ensure that concerns are taken into deliberation before decision-making that will benefit majority of the Chinese, rather than the imperial court only. The nationalist dream then culminated in the 1911 Revolution in the early 20th century, where the Qing was overthrown and the Republic of China was established. Nevertheless, the dream of the nationalist was short-lived due to a power struggle within. Even though election was scheduled for 1913, but it soon became clear than Yuan Shikai wanted to establish his own power base. Sun Yat Sen was then forced into exile after he stepped down as head of the newly formed Kuomintang (Foster, 2007). The new government was then monopolized by Yuan and led to decades of political division and warlordism, including monarchy restoration (Blecher, 2010). Therefore we can see that the perceived benefits from the consequence of â€Å"Prosperous Age† in the 19th century did not fully materialize in the 20th century. Monarchy restoration was attempted and defeats the purpose of the promised sharing of power with the people initially. Political and social unrest persisted even with the new government which culminated in the May Fourth Movement (1919). Hence, we can see that China did not become better even with the end of Qing. It would be judgmental to argue that the initial rise of nationalists had resulted in a better China. It would be fairer to argue that the initial rise of nationalists led to more power struggle and dissident movements like the Chinese Warlord Era (1916-1928) as there were no strong political forces to enforce stability and order until the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) came in 1949. Conclusion Hence, we can see that the consequences of the â€Å"Prosperous Age† proved to be more negative. The severity of the negative consequences shed light on the  crises in the 19th century which crippled China internally and externally. The impact of the consequences was so overwhelming that it even snowballed to the 20th century and further crippled modern China. In contrast, the perceived positive consequences was that it built the foundation but the problem was that the foundation was weak and unstable which in turn led to more problems which culminated in more movements and revolutions. Furthermore, problems like sovereign issues were not solved by reforms or China’s surge in military strength but rather treaties that returned territories to her under imminent conditions . Thus, we can see that the long term consequences were more negative in the 19th century as it continued the crippling of China economically, socially and militarily and as well as set the stage for the movements and revolutions in the 20th century which did not necessary bring about stability and communal power amongst its people until the CCP came into power in 1949. References Hung, H.F. (2011), Protest with Chinese characteristics: demonstrations, riots, and petitions (p24-26). USA: Columbia University Press Qian Long Emperor’s Letter to George III, 1793, retrieved from Sanders Morillo Nelson Elleberger (2005), Encounters in World History: Sources and Themes from the Global Past, Volume 2 (p289). McGraw-Hill Sng, T.H (2011, Oct 4). Size and Dynastic Decline: The Principal-Agent Problem in Late Imperial China 1700-1850.   City University of HK Press (2007), China: Five thousand years of history and civilization (p109). Hong Kong: City University of HK Press Perkins, D.H. (1969). Agricultural development in China, 1369-1968. Chicago: Aldine Bentley Ziegler (2003). Traditions and Encounters (p724-740). New York: McGraw-Hill Tanner, H.M. (2010), China: From the Great Qing Empire through the People’s Republic of China 1644-2009 (p77). USA: Hackett Publishing Company, Inc. Del Testa Lemoine Strickland (2001). Government leaders, military rulers and political activist (p86). Greenwood Publishing Group Foster, S (2007). Adventure Guide China (p18-19). Hunter Publishing, Inc. Blecher, M.J. (2010). China against the tides: restructuring through revolution, radicalism, and reform (p205). Continuum International Publishing Group Johnson, R.E. (2010). A Global Introduction to Baptist Churches (p267). Cambridge University Press Zheng, J.G. (2009). Historical dictionary of modern China 1800-1949 (p32). USA: Scarecrow Press

Decision Support Methods in Healthcare

Decision Support Methods in Healthcare Introduction Currently, healthcare practitioners are working hard to ensure that the safety of patients is guaranteed. They are also working toward averting expensive lawsuits that result from medical malpractices. Additionally, medical practitioners have devised mechanisms for the bar-coding of medicines, patients, and nurses to ensure that patients receive safe medicines and quality healthcare services (Tan, Sheps, 1998). Some healthcare systems are using decision support methods and relational database design to make effective decisions concerning patients care. In this paper, I will discuss the decision support systems and relational database design of Partners HealthCare System, Inc. Partners HealthCare System, Inc. uses complex medical intelligence systems to enable doctors and nurses make efficient decisions as pertains to patient care. Electronic Medical Administration Record (EMAR) is one of the database management systems that the healthcare system uses to make decisions and carry out its activities. Partners HealthCare System is a network that consists of various healthcare facilities. The network has medical centers, community hospitals, specialty healthcare services, and several basic healthcare specialists (Lighter, Fair, 2000). Partners HealthCare System, Inc. employs Oracle and SQL for the warehousing of its data. It also uses it for data mining and OLAP applications. Additionally, the organization makes wide use of CACHE, an Intersystem Corp based in MA, for various clinical purposes. The HealthCare System separates their mission to offer important healthcare for patients from other applications. Moreover, the System selected CACHE because of its highly availability, and high demands of effective patient care. CACHE forms a significant part of Partners relational database design and web application setting. It is particularly relevant to Partners mission in clinical applications because of the technologys use of algorithms and schemas that store data effectively. The performance of the database is enhanced by the sparse matrix storage method. The organization manages the application of CACHE over the web and this helps the Partners to have an advanced and substantial processing of transactions. CACHE has a distributed protocol, which effectively lessens network traffic (Shortliffe, Cimino, 2006). Consequently, there is increased processing of transactions. Additionally, it is easy to scale up the technology to serve several users without compromising its performance. CACHE technological innovation is a significant tool for the development of applications for patient care because it handles data in a more flexible way than other conventional relational database structures. The clinical department of Partners HealthCare System has complicated forms of data. Consequently, a lot of data cannot be classified effectively into two-dimensional systems. The advantage of CACHE is that it can consider data in two or more than two dimensional structure when necessary (Harrington, 2002). Partners HealthCare System Inc. has developed a modern wireless EMAR as an artificial intelligence for patient care. This development has particularly replaced all paper works carried out by nurses in recording medicine dispensation to patients. Moreover, EMAR technology uses advanced decision support systems and features that promote client safety. Through the technology, the medications in storage facilities, such as the pharmacy dispensing equipment, is bar-coded to enable nurses to scan the ID to verify that correct medications are supplied to the right clients. Additionally, the practitioner can scan his or her ID badge to create a completed inventory track of the medication course. Highest verification of medication procedures, as indicated by one of Partners nurses, takes place in the pharmacy. When the medical practitioner feeds information into the system concerning the prescription, the medication order is examined before it is made available for the nurse to deal with. Some artificial intelligences employed in the prescription are based on probability of medication reactions, likely patient reactions to the medications, and likelihood of overprescribing drugs to patients in relation to previous prescriptions. EMAR technology constitutes of several electronic reminders that help nurses in their daily medication prescriptions thereby enabling them to solve problems arising during patient care processes. For instance, the technology provides cues that remind nurses concerning such issues like prescription overdue, or recording of patients pain level to decide whether the administration of a particular medication is effective or not. However, nurses take into consideration that EMAR checking does not replace their role in evaluating situations to make decisions (Shortliffe, Cimino, 2006). The checks enable nurses to have confidence that the safety of patients is guaranteed. EMAR is compressed in wireless computers and laptops with readers of bar-codes, and this allows nurses to move closely to the patients with their computer system. By bringing the scanner to the patients bedside, risks and errors are eliminated. For instance, if a medical practitioner enters a wrong medication order after a drug prescription at the pharmacy, the nurse will receive an alerting message on his or her laptop screen, as he or she scans the patient prior to drug administration. Artificial intelligence innovation for decision support is employed by various medical practitioners to make the decision support systems more useful. CACHE technology serves an important role in enhancing workflow among healthcare systems and benefits contributors. Through CACHE applications, insurance organizations are connected with healthcare systems to deliver services to patients. CACHE applications promote the workflow between third-party companies and Partners HealthCare System. For instance, relational database design of a real-time query between the healthcare organization and insurance firms aids in determining eligibility for benefits. This affects the organizations capacity to collect finances for a medical situation while improving the workflow (Wager, Lee, Glaser, 2005). Applications have been developed to connect Partners system of order entry of medications to database of pharmaceutical organizations to ascertain whether particular medications are covered by particular payers. The incorporation of this element into the drug prescription process has resulted in improved workflow in drug prescription, and it ensures that Partners HealthCare System, Inc. is compensated for the medications prescribed. Partners HealthCare indicates that CACHE applications have benefits associated with their usage. This technological innovation employs open standards. Consequently, it enables interoperation among several platforms. Therefore, CACHE is crucial in the implementation of web services to link several systems. CACHE is also cheap because Partners achieve their mission for patient care from the product hardware without necessarily investing large amounts of funds in other technologies. Moreover, CACHE applications do not require complex management as compared to SQL and Oracle developments. CACHE is more accessible and easy to maintain whereby medical practitioners use computers directly in healthcare settings (Shortliffe, Cimino, 2006). The figure below represents an entity-relationship model used in Decision Support Methods in Healthcare and Relational Database Adopted from: http://www.andrew.cmu.edu/user/rpadman/Data%20management%20technologies-%20day%202%20slides.ppt Health and Human Services (HHS) department indicates that there is need for the advancement in the database systems of healthcare services to create a nationwide database that uses electronic medical recording to trail an individuals dealings with the healthcare system from birth till death. As a means of staying relevant to the HHS requirement, Partners HealthCare System has implemented an electronic health information management (e-HIM). This requires the healthcare organization to guarantee the accessibility of information to promote advanced healthcare provision and essential health matters required to make decisions for use in various environments and organizations. Nevertheless, these objectives will only be realized when there is efficient, accurate, reliable, and secure storage of information in efficiently designed automated databases (Wager, Lee, Glaser, 2005). Relational database is the most common kind of database employed in healthcare systems. It tracks patient care including various forms of treatment, results from the treatments, and significant indicators of states of patients such as pulse rate, level of blood pressure, and blood glucose. Moreover, relational database interlinks with several information structures in healthcare service systems such as Partners. For example, a relational database in the section of cardiac care is linked directly with the registration system of the healthcare facility. Once a patient is registered, information concerning him or her is relayed to the database through health level seven procedures (Shortliffe, Cimino, 2006). This allows cardiac care practitioners to focus on offering the best care to the patient because they do not need to register the patient again. Relational database reduces the need for paperwork in recording and transfer of information. It also improves efficiency in healthcare systems while acting as an accounting tool. For instance, patients suffering from diabetes, who exhibit fairly similar signs and symptoms such as overweight and high levels of blood glucose, can be closely examined to ascertain the manner in which various medications, like Glucovance, help in managing their symptoms. Moreover, relational database is essential as it determines patients at risk, for instance, individuals with aneurysms in family history. When these patients are recognized they undergo screening to avoid suffering from certain ailments (Wager, Lee, Glaser, 2005). Decision trees are used in Partners HealthCare System and other healthcare facilities to help in solving of clinical and healthcare problems. With the increase in the difficulty of clinical problems, there is an exponential increase in the probabilities and uncertainties, and this means that sophisticated solutions, rather than the simple ones, are required. Consequently, in these scenarios, decision trees become more suitable because they take into consideration weighted probabilities and anticipated outcomes (Harrington, 2002). Decision trees help in clinical situations because they present precisely and instructively the procedures with which the medical practitioner provides care to a patient as indicated by clinical and laboratory diagnostic results. The extensive procedures are routinely attained at basing on previous use of algorithms and decision trees in solving clinical problems. Medical practitioners use such procedures cautiously when practicing clinical medicine. When using decision trees, the physicians recognize that clinical decision models are different from mathematical representations. When protocols are employed to give directions, they prevent undesired or costly clinical processes (Tan, Sheps, 1998). Protocols are normally used to evaluate benefits of using a particular prescription or a new type of drugs. Accurate protocols allow for the collection of information from various healthcare facilities because patients are put under a stringently defined management process. Moreover, if the protocols are accurately defined and monitored, wise conclusions are reached at when drugs are used effectively. Protocols and other decision making techniques have various advantages. They enable clinical practitioners to efficiently learn on how to solve clinical problems. They enable medical practitioners to formulate some questions that enable them to define clinical problems at hand. They present precise scientific and systematic procedures for solving clinical problems. Moreover, they are efficient as regards to time, effort required, and cost. Decision trees and protocols form the foundation upon which significant knowledge of particular clinical problems is evaluated. Additionally, these decision making tools help medical practitioners to consult each other concerning particular clinical problems, and they form suitable means to evaluate clinical activities. Decision trees and protocols are also beneficial to patients because they increase the probability that the patient will receive high quality care, maximum effective results from medications, and more effective medical aid. Moreover, decision trees enable the avoidance of unnecessary prescriptions and medicines thereby assuring the client that only the necessary treatment is achieved. Furthermore, these tools ensure cost-effective and standardized treatment. Below is an example of a decision tree for appendicitis (Wager, Lee, Glaser, 2005) Perforated Operate inflamed Decide now Perforated Not operate inflamed Perforated Patient worse Inflamed Perforated Wait seven hours Patient same Inflamed Expert systems and decision making techniques entails the clinical decision support systems CDSSs, which are computer programs devised to offer expert support to healthcare practitioners in the making of clinical decisions. These expert systems employ integrated clinical information to enable doctors to evaluate data concerning patients thereby making relevant decisions as concerns to the diagnosis of diseases, their prevention and medication. Expert systems are available in various healthcare departments including pharmacy, dentistry, and medicine (Lighter, Fair, 2000). Many CDSSs constitute of four fundamental components. These are inference engine (IE), knowledge base (KB), working memory, and the explanation module. The inference engine is the major part of the system, and it uses the information stored in the system together with the information about the patient to make decisions concerning particular situations. Moreover, the IE manages the kind of activity that the system can initiate. For instance, it establishes the alert and reminder procedures in an alerting mechanism. Moreover, it determines the conclusions or decisions that can be displayed on the screen of the diagnostic system. The KB represents the information used by the IE. For instance, in a case of caries, the KB will present information concerning the risks for fresh lesions and their levels. Knowledge bases are created either by a domain expert or by a computerized procedure. The creation of knowledge by an engineer involves the assistance of a clinical domain specialist who ed its and manages the KB. On the other hand, in a computerized process, information is obtained from external sources that include journal articles, books, and database using a particular computer application (Harrington, 2002). Information collected concerning a patient is stored in the database or modified into a message. This forms the working memory. Patients information ranges from demographic features such as gender and date of birth, drugs in use, allergies, and previous medical problems, among other data. All CDSSs do not contain the explanation module. The explanation module serves the purpose of creating validations for the decisions made by the IE when using the information in KB against patient information within the working memory. CDSSs work in a synchronized manner in that they communicate directly with the medical practitioner who waits for the information from the system. An example of this application is one which examines interactions between drugs or likely allergies experienced by patients in response to particular prescribed medicine. When working in a synchronous approach, CDSSs carry out their rationalizations in an independent manner without the aid of any user (Gillies, 2002). For instance, the production of a reminder for a checkup or hygiene takes place independently. Clinical Decision Support Systems are categorized as either open or closed loop structures. In open-loop system, the CDSS makes decisions but it does not initiate an action on its own. Examples of open-loop systems are applications that produce alerts or reminders. The eventual decision concerning the activity to be performed is determined by the medical practitioner. On the other hand, in closed-loop systems, the system initiates the action without involving a medical practitioner. Other significant types of CDSSs include consultation systems, clinical guidelines, and event monitors. A consultation system entails situations where a medical practitioner enters information concerning a patient into the system. Information entered may include patient demographic characteristics, medical history, and physical diagnosis, among others. The system then lists the problems related with the situation and provides possible solutions. An event monitor, on the other hand, constitutes of software that collects all data copies accessible in electronic design within the healthcare facility and employs its knowledge base to relay alerts and reminders to medical practitioners when necessary (Lighter, Fair, 2000). Clinical instructions are integrated in the CDSSs, and they are invented by clinical experts and distributed by professional or state organizations. In this case, the clinical guidelines serve as official statements to recommend the most appropriate practices as pertains to particular clinical problems. Researchers in clinical field have invented standardized representations of information to promote the sharing of the guidelines. An example of standardized representation of information is the Guideline Interchange Format (GLIF) or Arden Syntax. Arden Syntax refers to an American National Standards Institutes (ANSI) standard used to represent quantifiable clinical information (Wager, Lee, Glaser, 2005). Arden Syntax presents decision rules known as medical logic model (MLM). Moreover, every MLM has adequate reasoning to enable it make a clinical decision. On the other hand, the Guideline Interchange Format (GLIF) constitutes of a format interpretable by the computer to enable representation of clinical practice directions invented by InterMed collaboration, which is a project carried out jointly at Stanford, McGraw, Harvard, and Columbia University laboratories (Gillies, 2002). This application serves as a language that can be used for general purposes to develop and implement clinical decision support systems, which are applied in various clinical spheres. Besides supplying recommendations for patient care, the application can be used to ensure quality and medical knowledge. Therefore, decision support systems help healthcare professionals to make relevant decisions when dealing with patient care to ensure maximum quality and safety for the patients.

Psychology :: essays research papers

Reaction Paper 1 (Sample Reaction Paper) Ron Gerrard, HWS Psychology Department   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  My paper is based on an article from the text’s web site (chapter 9) entitled â€Å"Lack of sleep ages body’s systems.† The basic claim of the article is that sleep deprivation has various harmful effects on the body. The reported effects include decreased ability to metabolize glucose (similar to what occurs in diabetes) and increased levels of cortisol (a stress hormone involved in memory and regulation of blood sugar levels). The article also briefly alludes (in the quote at the bottom of page 1) to unspecified changes in brain and immune functioning with sleep deprivation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Intuitively, these results make a lot of sense to me. I know that when I’m sleep deprived for any significant amount of time, I begin to feel physically miserable. I also seem to be more vulnerable to colds and other physical ailments. In thinking about it though, most of the times I’m sleep deprived are also periods of psychological stress (such as finals week). To the extent that there are changes in my physical well-being, I’m wondering whether they are due to the sleep deprivation, the stress itself, or some combination of the two.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In principle, a careful experiment should be able to isolate the effects of sleep deprivation by depriving people of sleep in the absence of stress and other such confounding variables. That seems to be what this experiment does, but as I read the article closely, I found myself unsure that the effects it reports are necessarily due to sleep deprivation per se.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I realize that a brief summary article like this does not provide all the details of the experimental methodology, but a couple of things that were reported in the article struck me as curious. The researchers studied physical functioning (cortisol levels, etc.) in men who had a normal night’s sleep (eight hours in bed) the first three nights of the study, followed by a period of sleep deprivation (four hours in bed) the next six nights of the study, and finally a period of sleep recovery (12 hours in bed) the last seven nights of the study. In reporting the effects on the body (the discussion of glucose metabolism, in the fifth paragraph of the article) the author’s compare the sleep deprivation stage only to the sleep recovery stage, not to normal sleep. This seems to me like doing an experiment on drunkenness and comparing the drunk stage to the hangover stage, without ever reporting what happens when the person is sober.

Observation of the Early Childhood :: Early Childhood Development

Observation of the Early Childhood An observation was held in the children'"s wing of Tarrant County Junior College. A variety of children between the ages of two to six were observed in activities ranging from physical and motor to social and cognitive development. Specifically I mean that whether it was leadership skills or lack of, running, climbing and jumping, drawing and writing, or anything that could fall between, it has been seen, done and accounted for in the following observation. First let's start with the physical and motor development. Please say hello to Karligh and Bethany, my first volunteers of the observation. Both girls are in the four-year olds. The first activities under physical and motor development that I'm going to observe them performing are the large muscle/gross-motor skills. The large muscle/gross-motor skills include: climbing across the monkey bars, riding bigwheels (or tricycles), and running through a built-in obstacle course on the playground. Starting with the monkey bars, it's clearly obvious that Karligh is physically stronger upperbody-wise than Bethany. With surprising ease, Karligh crossed the monkey bars using nothing but her arms to perform this task. Bethany on the otherhand was shaky and uncertain from the start. After hanging from the first bar, she quickly swung her feet over to the side for leg support. She was able to cross but only with a great deal of assistance from me. Karligh also showed mastery in riding the big wheel. Her speed and turning ability seemed to surpass anyone else on the playground. Bethany chose to ride only after a piece of candy bribery. Her tricycle skills were somewhat sluggish but more or less average. However, once again Bethany was victorious. The last large muscle activity was completing the obstacle course. The obstacle course involved running up a slide, crawling through a tunnel, crossing a shaky bridge and then walking along a balance beam. Karligh ran up the slide with a considerable amount of effort. She quickly crawled through the tunnel and crossed the shaky bridge with little effort. She crossed the balance beam more quickly than I'd seen any child do that whole day. Bethany climbed up the slide in a time that was a bit quicker than Karligh's. The crawling through the tunnel was done quickly and she was first stalled on the shaky bridge. She managed to cross the bridge in a modest time but she hit some trouble at the balance beam. After slowly completing about ten percent of the travel across

Revenge :: Essays Papers

Revenge 1. In the play "Hamlet" [Title] . [sic] I will be explaining the use of foils in the play. The four foils I will be using are between: [no :] the ghost and Hamlet, Claudius and Hamlet, Laertes and Gertrude and finally Laertes and Hamlet. [As noted in class, foils are characters, not "between" characters.] 2. A foil is a minor character that either talks to support the major characer. [Frag -1] Or it is someone who is similar or one who differs from the major character. [A foil has to be both similar and different.] An example of someone there just for support are Laertes and Gertrude. [SV Agr -1 ] They foil each other because the [sic] both have the similarity of being extremely gullible. [According to the definition you gave, a foil is the minor character. How can these two be foils for each other?] This is evident in Gertrude[']s belief of how the real king died. [Just because she is unaware of something means that she is gullible?] In Laertes it is relevant because he is also confused about who killed the king. [Do you have any evidence that Laertes ever even thinks about who killed the king?] Not believing people that he should be trusting such as Hamlet. [Frag -1] Their difference are in their physical characteristics and there [H-50] thoughts about the real kings death. [S V Agr -1] This foil is relevant because with out [without] Gertrude and Laertes gulibleness the story would be lacking supporting characters who really care about the real king. 3. Claudius foils Hamlet even though they are on different sides. This is evident because the [sic] both are extremely power hungry. [Evidence that Hamlet is power hungry?] Claudius killed a king to get his position and Hamlet is willing to listen to a ghost to get his. [Do you have any evidence that suggests that Hamlet wants the throne?] There differences is that Hamlet is much younger and that he has other motives for killing the king instead off [sic] just for power. [SV Agr] These are to revenge his fathers death and to make his mother wrong. [I do not understand what you mean by "to make his mother wrong." How would Hamlet's killing Claudius make Gertrude wrong?] The way this foil affected the play is that without it their [H-50] would be no conflict between good and evil.

Security Cameras

Security Cameras have become widespread in many countries. Whereas before they appeared only in banks and at the high security areas, they are now entering public places such as malls, streets, stadiums and transport. Many people teel this attects their privacy. Apparently, there are advantages and disadvantages to the use of such devices. Surveillance cameras have several benefits. An obvious benefit Is that the police can catch criminals in the act, thus reduce crimes. This will make the streets safer for ordinary people.A more important point is that criminals, particularly young offenders or petty criminals will be deterred. They will not be tempted to carry out crimes, and thus society will be a lot safer. Cameras are cost-effective and unobtrusive. Authorities do not need to spend large amounts of money on police. However, security cameras are far from being a perfect solution. The biggest objection concerns privacy. Many people feel that they should be free to travel or move a round a shop, a mall, a street or a country without being photographed or recorded.They feel that being watched constantly Is Ilke being In Jail. Another point is that although the police say that only criminals have something to fear from the cameras, many people do not trust governments with too much information. Corrupt authorltles could use Information In the wrong way or twist It to vlctlmlze some groups. Thirdly, cameras and computers can make mistakes. In conclusion, although there are definite advantages to using surveillance devices, we need to balance the need tor security with respect tor individual's privacy and treedom.

Gcse History Revision Notes – Germany

account Revision Notes Ger umpteen Weimar strengths and weaknesses The Weimar body politic After Ger more disoriented the First creation War, the Kaiser f expunge and a new pop professorshipial term of Germany was decl ard in February 1919 at the lowly t proclaim of Weimar. It was too dangerous to come a declaration in Berlin where in that respect had just been a revolt by a Communist group c exclusivelyed the Spartacists. STRENGTHS A Bill of Rights guaranteed e precise German citizen freedom of speech and religion, and equality to a lower place the law. alone man business office and wo hands exclusively over the age of 20 were admitn the vote. in that respect was an elected pre positionnt and an elected Reichstag (parliament). The Reichstag do the laws and appointed the policy- qualification scholarship, which had to do what the Reichstag wanted. WEAKNESSES Proportional representation instead of right to vote for an MP, like we do in Britain,Weimar Germans voted for a society. Each company was thusly wholeocated seat in the Reichstag exactly reflecting (proportional to) the number of throng who had voted for it. This sounds fair, b bely in practice it was a disaster it resulted in dozens of petite parties, with no society strong tolerable to suck up a major(ip)ity, and, thusly, no judicature to get its laws go downed in the Reichstag. This was a major weakness of the Re in the commonplace eye(predicate). Article 48 this utter that, in an emergency, the president did non ask the promise of the Reichstag, just could issue decrees Decrees Laws passed by one minister in a parliament, which lease non been approved by the mass parliament. . The problem with this was that it did non order what an emergency was, and in the destination, it dark reveal to be a way that Hitler utilize to military issue top executive leg solelyy. Weimar problems 1919-1923 The Weimar conjure face up underg just ab come out from the come forth condition in 1919, later on the signing of the accordance of Versailles. Economic trouble affected the whole sight and led to uprisings and assassinations.Key problems The Weimar land was created at a clock of confusion and chaos by and by Germany had lost the First World War. many an(prenominal) queen-sized number felt that Germany had received a very harsh deal in the Treaty of Versailles and they resented the politics for signing it and agreeing to its conditions. The Weimar accede amaze nigh violent uprisings from various groups, not to ease up heed scotch problems. Germany between 1918 and 1919 was in chaos. lot were boosterving, the Kaiser had fled and deal hated the government for signing the armistice to end the war in November 1918 they c wholeed them the November criminals.Bands of exchangeiers called Freikorps ref commitd to disband and organise private armies. It was not a good start for the Republic. at that place wa s continuous violence and unrest In spoilch 1920, there was a tumult the Kapp Putsch that aimed to occupy back the Kaiser . jingoistic terror groups assassinated 356 government politicians. legion(predicate) of the raft in Germany were communists who wanted to demand in a Russian-style communist government. There were a number of communist uprisings. For instance, in 1919 the Spartacists rebelled in Berlin. pic The Kapp Putsch border district in March 1920, the right wing flag-waving(a) Dr Wolfgang Kapp took over Berlin. The host refuse to attack him he was much(prenominal)over defeated when the dieers of Berlin went on draw. The Weimar governments main crisis occurred in 1923, when the Germans hand issueed to make a reparations payment ( payments make for damage caused in WW1. Part of T of V) on duration, which circuit off a train of events that allow ind a french invasion of the Ruhr a universal strike hyperinflation a number of communist rebellions an as record national socialist putsch in Munich Weimar crisis of 1923The 1923 crisis began when Germany miss a reparations payment. This situation spiralled out of authorisation and in one case again the German throng were unhappy and in financial difficulty, so uprisings occurred by dint ofout the bucolic. Hyperinflation The sudden flood of newspaper bullion into the economy, on top of the general strike which meant that no goods were manufactured, so there was more silver, chasing fewer goods combined with a weak economy ruined by the war, all resulted in hyperinflation. Prices ran out of chequer eg a loaf of bread, which cost 250 label in January 1923 had rise upn to 200,000 million attach in November 1923.Germans currency became valueless. unless think or so Some people made fortunes during the crisis. bingle man borrowed currency to buy a herd of cattle, however soon afterward paid back his loan by selling one cow. mickle on wages were safe, be cause they renegotiated their wages all day. Pensioners on fixed incomes and people with savings were the close badly hit. One woman s senile her house with the intention of using the money to live on. A few weeks later, the money wasnt even enough to buy a loaf of bread. The Early Nazi companionship The Nazi ideology Lebensraum the guide for living space for the German nation to expand. A strong Germany the Treaty of Versailles should be abolished and all German-speaking people united in one dry land. Fuhrer the idea that there should be a single leader with bump off function rather than a democracy. br otherly Darwinism the idea that the Aryan race was pucka and Jews were subhuman. autarky the idea that Germany should be economically self-sufficient. Germany was in danger from Communists and Jews, who had to be destroyed. The raise of the Nazis In the 1920s, the Nazis tested to be all liaisons to all people.The 25-Point Programme had policies that were lo vingist eg farmers should be given their land pensions should improve and public industries such as electricity and wet should be owned by the state. subject area all German-speaking people should be united in one country the Treaty of Versailles should be abolished and there should be special laws for contradictoryers. Racist Jews should not be German citizens and immigration should be stopped. fascisticic a strong centimeimeral government and control of the newspapers. The Nazis did not appeal to lap uping(a) men who voted Communist intellectuals such as students and university professors They were popular with nationalists and racists farmers lower middle-class people such as plumbers and break custodyers who were worried about the chaos Germany was in rich people worried by the threat from communism Rebellions Unsurprisingly, the hardships created by hyperinflation led to many uprisings as groups struggled to take advocator from Weimar. The Munich Putsch 1923 In November 1923, Hitler tried to take ad vantage of the crisis face the Weimar government by instigating a vicissitude in Munich.It seemed like the perfect hazard, but poor planning and misjudgement resulted in failure and the subsequent chains of Adolf Hitler. Summary At first, the Nazis were just a terrorist group. Hitler assembled a freehanded group of unemployed juvenile men and former soldiers, sack outn as the combat troopers (the SA), which attacked other political groups. Hitler hoped to take baron by commencement a revolution During the crisis of 1923, therefore, Hitler plotted with dickens nationalist politicians Kahr and Lossow to take over Munich in a revolution.Hitler compile his charge troopers and told them to be ready to rebel. But then, on 4 October 1923, Kahr and Lossow called off the rebellion. This was an out of the question situation for Hitler, who had 3,000 troops ready to fight. pic Hitler waved a gun at Khar and Lossow On the nightt ime of 8 November 1923, Hitler and 600 storm troopers burst into a meeting that Kahr and Lossow were holding at the topical anesthetic anesthetic Beer Hall. Waving a gun at them, Hitler compel them to agree to rebel and then let them go home. The SA took over the soldiery headquarters and the offices of the local newspaper. 16 Nazis were killed in the fussThe nigh day, 9 November 1923, Hitler and his Nazis went into Munich on what they public opinion would be a triumphal march to take power. However, Kahr had called in police force and multitude reinforcements. There was a short scuffle in which the police killed 16 Nazis. Hitler fled, but was arrested two days later. Why did Hitler attack the Munich Putsch in 1923? 1. By 1923, the Nazi companionship had 55,000 members and was stronger than ever before. 2. The Weimar Republic was in crisis and about to collapse. 3. In September 1923, the Weimar government had called off the general strike, and every German nationalist was boisterous with the government. . Hitler thought he would be helped by important nationalist politicians in Bavaria. 5. Hitler had a huge multitude of storm troopers, but he knew he would lose control of them if he did not give them aroundthing to do. 6. Hitler hoped to copy Mussolini the Italian fascist leader who had come to power in Italy in 1922 by marching on Rome. Results of the Munich Putsch The Munich Putsch was a failure. As a result 1. The Nazi party was illegalize, and Hitler was prevented from speaking in public until 1927. 2. Hitler went to prison, where he wrote Mein Kampf.Millions of Germans read it, and Hitlers ideas became very well-know. 3. Hitler decided that he would never come to power by revolution he real(a)ised that he would obligate to use constitutional means, so he organised o the Hitler younker o propaganda efforts o mergers with other right-wing parties o local branches of the party, which tried to get Nazis elected to the Reichstag o the SS a s his personalized bodyguard, which was habilitate up in 1925 It was this dodge of gaining power legitimately that lastly brought him to power. How did the Weimar Republic survive?In 1923 the Weimar Republic was teetering at the brink of a very large cliff with problems such as hyperinflation, elbow grease revolutions and public discontent, pushing it increasingly towards the edge. How could the Republic possibly survive? Gustav Stresemann and Charles Dawes In 1923, the Weimar Republic was on the verge of collapse, but, surprisingly, the crisis was the start of a hitch of stability and success. The period 1923-1929 was a time when the economy boomed and cultural breeding flourished in Germany. This dramatic turnabout happened because Germany was deliver by two people Gustav Stresemann and Charles Dawes.Gustav Stresemann had been a nationalist, but he realised that any(prenominal)whatthing require to be done to save Germany. chthonian Stresemanns guidance, the government called off the strike, persuaded the French to will the Ruhr and even got the rest of the military personnel to take into account Germany to join the League of Nations in 1926. Stresemann as well as introduced reforms to help ordinary people such as job philias, un interlocking pay and disclose housing. Charles Dawes was the US budget director. In 1923, he was sent to Europe to sort out Germanys economy. Under his ad misdeed, the German Reichsbank was reformed and the old money was called in and burned.This ended the hyperinflation. Dawes in like manner arranged the Dawes course of study with Stresemann, which gave Germany overnight to pay reparations. Most importantly, Dawes agreed to America loaning Germany 800 million bills marks, which kick-started the German economy. Was Weimar steadfast during 1923-1929? Despite all the successes, many historians turn over that the stability of the Weimar republic was illusory 1. The nationalists and fascists did not win many plac e in the Reichstag, but they were allowed to exist and campaign, so they were just waiting for the right opportunity to attempt a takeover again. . Everything depended on American money if that stopped, Germany was ready to return to crisis. 3. No political party had a majority. confederacy govt struggled to agree and get laws passed. 4. Dawes Plan and new currency meant eco was stable Hitlers rise to power Hitlers rise to power cannot be attributed to one event, but a mixing of factors including events happening outside Germany, the strengths of the Nazi party, and the weaknesses of other parties within Germany. Hitler used these factors to his advantage and in 1933 he legitimately gained power to move chancellor.In 1929, the American Stock Exchange collapsed, and caused an economic depression. America called in all its foreign loans, which destroyed Weimar Germany due to the Dawes Plan. Un employment in Germany lift to 6 million. The government did not know what to do. In Jul y 1930 Chancellor Bruning cut government expenditure, wages and unemployment pay the worst thing to do during a depression. He could not get the Reichstag to agree to his actions, so c vibrissaperson Hindenburg used Article 48 to pass the measures by decree. The Nazis gain support kindle and bitterness helped the Nazis to gain more support.many workers turned to communism, but this frightened wealthy business community, so they financed Hitlers campaigns. Many middle-class people, al build up by the obvious failure of democracy, decided that the country compulsory a strong government. Nationalists and racists blame the Treaty of Versailles and reparations. pic In 1928, the Nazis had only 12 pose in the Reichstag by July 1932 they had 230 set and were the largest party. The government was in chaos. President Hindenburg reject Bruning in 1932. His replacement Papen lasted sextuplet months, and the next chancellor Schleicher only lasted two months.Hindenburg had to use Ar ticle 48 to pass close every law. In January 1933, Hindenburg and Papen came up with a plan to get the Nazis on their side by offering to make Hitler vice chancellor. He refused and demanded to be made chancellor. They agreed, persuasion they could control him. In January 1933, Hitler became chancellor, and immediately set about making himself unconditional principle of Germany using Article 48. Reasons why Hitler go to power 1. Hitler was a great speaker, with the power to make people support him. 2. The discipline political parties would not work in concert, although together they had more support than the Nazis. . The depression of 1929 created beggary and unemployment, which made people angry with the Weimar government. People lost confidence in the democratic system and turned towards the extremist political parties such as the Communists and Nazis during the depression. 4. The Nazi storm troopers attacked Hitlers opponents. 5. Goebbels propaganda campaign was very effect ive and it win support for the Nazis. The Nazis targeted specific groups of society with diametrical slogans and policies to win their support. 6. Hitler was given power in a political deal by Hindenburg and Papen who foolishly thought they could control him. . German people were still angry about the Treaty of Versailles and supported Hitler because he promised to face-lift it. 8. Industrialists gave Hitler money and support. How Hitler consolidated power 1933-1934 ascertains and events 1933-1934 Date Event 27 Feb 1933 Reichstag Fire Hitler used the fire to his advantage in two slipway pic It gave him an opportunity to imprison many communist leaders, which stopped them campaigning during the election. It allowed the Nazis to say that the country was in danger from the communists during its election campaign. Both these actions helped the Nazis to win more seats in the election. When the courts convicted Dutch Communist van der Lubbe, but did not convict otherCommunist leaders, Hitler was savage and replaced the courts with the Nazi Peoples Courts. 5 Mar 1933 commonplace Election only 44 per cent of the population vote for the Nazis, who win 288 seats in the Reichstag. pic Although it did not give the Nazis the majority that Hitler had hoped for in the Reichstag, it gave them enough seats after Hitler had arrested all the communist deputies and the other parties had been affright by the SA to get the Enabling make commit passed, which is all Hitler needed to do. 23 Mar 1933 Enabling Act the SA intimidates all the be non-Nazi deputies. The Reichstag votes to give Hitler the right to make his pic own laws. Arguably the decisive event it gave Hitler absolute power to make his laws. 26 April 1933 topical anesthetic government is reorganised the country is form up into 42 Gaus, which are run by a Gauleiter. These Gaus are separated pic into areas, localities and leaves of flats run by a Blockleiter. Hitler sets up the Gesta po. This put the Nazis in control of local government, and allowed the Gestapo to rule by terror. 2 whitethorn 1933 Trade unions are abolished and their leaders arrested. pic Abolishing the cunning unions allowed Hitler to destroy a group that cleverness have distant him. It alike gave Hitler the opportunity to set up the German mash expect, which gave him control over German workers. 20 June 1933 Concordat Hitler makes an concordance with the Pope who sees him as someone who can destroy communism. This agreement allows pic Hitler to take over political power in Germany as long as he leaves the Catholic Church alone.Hitlers agreement with the Pope was a temporary cease-fire that allowed Hitler to ban the Catholic Zentrum party without opposition from the Catholic Church. 14 July 1933 Political parties are proscribed only the Nazi party is allowed to exist. pic Banning political parties made Germany a one-party state and destroyed democracy in the country. Afte r this action, Germans could no longer get rid of Hitler in an election. 24 April 1934 Peoples Courts Hitler sets up the Nazi peoples courts where judges have to swear an oath of loyalty to the Nazis. pic These were set up to give Hitler greater control over the judgements made in courts. Hitler was furious because the courts did not sentence the communists to finis for starting the Reichstag fire. 30 June 1934 Night of the Long Knives some SA leaders are demanding that the Nazi party carry out its socialist agenda, and that the SA pic take over the army.Hitler cannot afford to annoy the businessmen or the army, so the SS SS Also known as the Blackshirts. A German police/ military style organisation created to take care as the personal bodyguards of Adolf Hitler. In Hitlers Germany they eventually controlled the intelligence, security and police forces, and extermination of those they considered undesirable. murders mayhap 400 of the SA members, including its leader Rohm, along with a number of Hitlers other opponents. This destroyed all opposition within the Nazi Party. It gave power to the brutal SS. It also showed the rest of the world what a tyrant Hitler was. 19 Aug 1934 Fuhrer when Hindenburg dies, Hitler declares himself conjointly president, chancellor and head of the army. This formally made pic Hitler the absolute ruler of Germany. Many historians believe that Nazi Germany only appeared to be a dictatorship.In fact, officials were left to make most(prenominal) of the decisions themselves, and the Nazi government was badly-organised, and chaotic. Hitler and the army It is important to mention that in 1934, the army was not field of view to Hitlers authority. At this point, he still needed the armys support, which is why he destroyed the SA in the Night of the Long Knives. In 1938, army leaders hoped Hitlers plan to conquer the Sudetenland would fail and give them an opportunity to depose Depose To shift a ruler or monarch. h im.When he suceeded, their attempt to get rid of him heavy-handed apart, and Hitler dismissed the chief of staff and 60 other generals. Thereafter, the army was also submissive to Hitler. The structures of control in the Nazi state Hitler introduced many policies and measures to ensure the Nazis remained in control, once he declared himself Fuhrer. These measures dealt with political opponents, as well as ordinary people, who unawares found their private, social and working lives controlled by the Nazis. Seven key structures The Nazi party aimed to control every aspect of peoples political, social and working lives.It maintained control through a mixture of propaganda Propaganda A lawsuit of advertising for an idea or cause, produced by supporters or opponents of that idea or cause. It is ordinarily produced to influence how the people of a nation think. and intimidation. 1. Government (political) The way Hitler consolidated power in 1933-1934 meant that the Nazis had absolute control of national and local government. 2. Religion (social) Hitler believed that religion was a threat to the Nazis control over peoples minds, so he tried different ways to reduce the power of the church over people.Non-Nazi Catholic priests and Protestant pastors such as Martin Niemoller and Dietrich Bonhoffer were sent to soaking up camps. Jews and Jehovahs Witnesses were openly impose on _or_ oppressd. Hitler set up a state Reich Church, which banned the Bible and the cross. Nazis encouraged people to recompense the old Viking myths and ceremonies. 3. culture (social) Hitler ordered Nazification the imposition of Nazi values on all aspects of German life. Artists had to produce acceptable paintings that envisioned Nazi values. Jazz music was banned. Books indite by Jews were publicly burned. Homosexuals were persecuted they did not run across the Nazi image of the ideal family. The exceptional Games of 1936 were a huge Nazi propaganda success. 4. take on (working) Dr Robert Ley, head of the DAF DAF German comprehend Front , boasted that he controlled workers lives from the cradle to the grave. The RAD (National exertion Service) sent three-year-old men on public flora. Hitler introduced conscription in 1936 most men went into the army after the RAD. The DAF (German Labour Front) controlled workers conditions at work. The KdF (Strength through Joy) movement set their leisure time. . Education and youth (working) The lives of young people were controlled both in and out of school to turn them into fanatical Nazis. Non-Nazi teachers and university professors were plundered teachers had to join the National Socialist Teachers League. Textbooks were re-written to include Nazi political and racial ideas. History was taught to glorify Germany. There was a concentration on physical fitness. Girls were taught cookery boys were taught science and maths. The Hitler younker was compulsory it indoctrinated boys and ready them fo r war. The Nazi Girls youth organisation the BDM was compulsory it indoctrinated girls and inclined(p) them for church, children and cooking. 6. Terror (method of control) Germany became a country where it was vulnerable to do or say anything critical of the government. SS and Gestapo (Secret State Police. ) Blockleiters in each block of flats and street informed on grumblers. Arrests of thousands of people terrified opponents. Set up Nazi peoples courts. Concentration camps.7. Propaganda (method of control) Josef Goebbels controlled the Propaganda Ministry, which aimed to brainwash people into obeying the Nazis and idolising Hitler. trade rallies at Nuremberg. Newspapers were censored. Peoples radios were sold very cheaply, but broadcasts were controlled. Films were controlled to make films that glorified war and pilloried the Jews. Loudspeakers in public places blared out Nazi propaganda. Cult of personality Hitlers picture was everywhere, and he was pictured as Ge rmanys saviour. Women in the Nazi state Hitler had very clear ideas about the womans subprogram in the Nazi state she was the centre of family life, a housewife and mother. Hitler even introduced a medal for women who had eight or more childrenThe role of women The Nazis had clear ideas of what they wanted from women. Women were evaluate to stay at home and tone of voice after the family. Women doctors, teachers and civil servants were forced to give up their careers. Even at the end of the war, women were never asked to serve in the armed forces. Their job was to keep the home fine for their husband and family their life should revolve round the three Ks church children cooking Goebbels give tongue to The mission of women is to be beautiful and to bring children into the world. Hitler wanted a high make rate, so the population would grow.The Nazis even considered making it law that families should have at least four children. Girls did keep fit in the BDM BDM Bund Deuts cher Madel the German group for girls age 14+ to make themselves healthy for childbirth, but they were disheartened from staying slim, because it was thought that thin women had trouble swelled birth. The Law for the Encouragement of Marriage gave new wed couples a loan of 1,000 marks, and allowed them to keep 250 marks for each child they had. Mothers who had more than eight children were given a gold medal.Unmarried women could volunteer to have a kid for an Aryan Aryan a person of European decent (not Jewish) often with blond hair and blue eyes the Nazis viewed as the brag human race member of the SS Women were suppositional to emulate traditional German idyll fashions plain peasant costumes, hair in plaits or buns and flat shoes. They were not expected to wear make-up or trousers, dye their hair or gage in public. Opposition Those who spoke out against Hitler and his policies faced intimidation and threats from the Gestapo or imprisonment and in some cases execution .However, there were some brave individuals and groups who openly opposed Hitler and his policies. Who opposed Hilter? It was difficult and dangerous to oppose Hitler. However, some brave people did try 1. The Catholic Archbishop of Munster, von Galen, led a successful campaign to end euthanasia of mentally- incapacitate people. 2. Some Catholic priests opposed Hitler. In 1937, the Popes message With tan Concern attacked Hitler as a mad prophesier with repulsive arrogance and was read in every Catholic church. 3. The White Rose group was formed by students at Munich University.They publish anti-Nazi leaflets, but were discovered and executed in 1944. 4. A paramilitary wing of the Social Democratic Party, called the Reichsbanner, sabotaged railway lines and acted as spies. 5. During the war, swing groups were formed. These were young people who rejected Nazi values, drank alcoholic drink and danced to jazz. More violent groups were called the Edelweiss Pirates. They daubed anti -Nazi slogans, render deserters and beat up Nazi officials. In 1944, the Cologne Pirates (the Edelweiss Pirates based in Cologne) killed the Gestapo chief, so the Nazis publicly hanged 12 of them. . Many Protestant pastors, led by Martin Niemoller, formed the Confessional Church in opposition to Hitlers Reich Church. Niemoller was held in a concentration camp during the period 1937-1945. Another Protestant pastor, Dietrich Bonhoffer, took part in the 1944 bomb plot and was executed. 7. In 1944, a group of army officers and intellectuals called the Kreisau Circle tried to bomb Hitler. The bomb was planted by Colonel Stauffenberg. It exploded, but Hitler survived. In retaliation, 5,000 people were executed. Persecution Who did the Nazis persecute?The Nazis believed that only Germans could be citizens and that non-Germans did not have any right to the rights of citizenship. The Nazis racial ism taught that some races were untermensch (sub-human). Many scientists at this time believed that people with disabilities or social problems were transmissible degenerates whose genes needed to be eliminated from the human bloodline. The Nazis, therefore Tried to eliminate the Jews. Killed 85 per cent of Germanys Gypsies. Sterilised black people. Killed mentally disabled babies. Killed mentally ill patients. Sterilised physically disabled people and people with contractable diseases. Sterilised deaf people. Put homosexuals, prostitutes, Jehovahs Witnesses, alcoholics, pacifists, beggars, hooligans and criminals who they regarded as anti-social into concentration camps. How the Nazis persecuted the Jews key dates 1933 Boycott of Jewish businesses. Jewish civil servants, lawyers and teachers sacked. Race acquirement lessons to teach that Jews are inferior 1935 Jews not wanted here signs put up at swimming pools etc. Nuremberg laws (15 September) Jews could not be citizens. They were not allowed to vote or to unite a German. 1938 Jews could not be doctors. Jews had to put up the name Israel (men) or Sarah (women) to their name. Jewish children require to go to school. Kristallnacht (9 November) attacks on Jewish homes, businesses and synagogues Synagogues These are places of Jewish worship and community. . pic A shop damaged during Kristallnacht 1939 Jews were forced to live in ghettoes. 1941 Army Einsatzgruppen squads in Russia started mass-shootings of Jews. All Jews were forced to wear a yellow star of David. 1942 Wansee Conference (20 January) decided on the closing Solution, which was to gas all Europes Jews.The main death camps were at Auschwitz, Treblinka and Sobibor. Economic policies and benefits Hitlers economic policy had four main ideas 1. Full employment the idea that everyone should have a job. By 1939, there was virtually no unemployment in Germany. 2. Beauty of Work the Nazis set up the SdA (Beauty of Work) to help Germans see that work was good, and that everyone who could work should. In fact because th e Nazis had abolished the trade unions, banned strikes, and given more power to the industrialists real wages fell and hours were longer under Hitler. 3. Re-armament begun in 1935 the idea of guns before butter. . Autarky there was an unsuccessful attempt at making Germany self-sufficient.The good life in Nazi Germany Despite the loss of political and religious freedom, life improved in Germany for many ordinary people who were prepared to toe the line and look the other way. Everybody had a job, and a wage. To people who had been unemployed and starving, work and bread was a wonderful blessing worth every civil liberty they lost. The Nazis set up KdF (Strength through Joy), which gave workers rewards for their work change surface classes, theatre trips, picnics, and even free holidays. The Nazis devised a scheme to allow workers to buy a Volkswagen Beetle car for a subaltern weekly payment. People appreciated the public works eg new schools and hospitals. Nazi Youth grou ps provided activities and holidays for young people. How Hitler increased employment Hitler introduced many policies to fulfil his goal of full employment He stopped paying reparations and invested the money in German companies. He began a huge programme of public works including planting forests, and building hospitals and schools. He also built public buildings such as the 1936 Olympic Stadium.The construction of the autobahns created work for 80,000 men. Rearmament created jobs in the armaments industry. The introduction of national process meant all young men spent six months in the RAD RAD The labour service in which young men in Germany had to do a six-month compulsory stint. and then they were conscripted into the army. By 1939, 1. 4 million men were in the army, so they were not counted as unemployed. Many Jews were sacked and their jobs given to non-Jews. Many women were sacked and their jobs given to men.